Structural isomers are molecules that have the same chemical formula but different chemical structures, such as the ortho, meta, and para isomers of disubstituted benzene rings discussed previously (4). Hydrogenated vegetable oil contains unsaturated fats whose C=C double bonds have been hydrogenated to form saturated fats. The Chemical Structure of AlkenesĪlkenes contain unsaturated carbons because C=C bonds can have hydrogens added to them via a reaction known as hydrogenation to create saturated carbons (3). Going forward, you can simply assume that the peak position units will be in wavenumbers (cm -1) although the text will not say as such. This column focuses on using infrared (IR) spectroscopy to distinguish the different types of alkenes from each other.Īs an aside, starting with this column installment I will stop using cm -1 after every peak position. This example shows that benzene and other aromatic rings contain unsaturated carbons.Īnother family of unsaturated hydrocarbons contain carbon–carbon double bonds, C=C, and are called alkenes. Unsaturated hydrocarbons can have hydrogens attached to them via chemical reaction, which means these molecules do not have their full theoretical complement of hydrogens and hence are “unsaturated” with respect to hydrogen substitution (3).įor example, aromatic rings have a carbon–carbon bond order of about 1.5 (3), and the prototype aromatic compound benzene, with the chemical formula C 6H 6, can have hydrogens added to it to form the saturated compound cyclohexane, C 6H 12 (3). These hydrocarbons contain functional groups with carbon–carbon bond orders > 1. Before that, I discussed how aromatic rings are a type of a larger class of molecules called unsaturated hydrocarbons (2). We are done, for the time being, with our discussion of how to distinguish the isomers of mono- and disubstituted benzene rings from each other, which centered in part on the infamous “benzene fingers” (1). This column provides you with all the tools you need to distinguish all of these different types of molecules from each other. C=C bonds, otherwise known as alkenes, come in six different structural isomer types. Now that we have completed our discussion of benzene rings and the infamous “benzene fingers,” the next topic on our hydrocarbon hit parade is carbon–carbon double bonds.
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